Introduction
Cognitive impairment refers to deficits in learning and memory caused by abnormal learning, memory, and cognitive judgement functions in the brain.1 The cerebral cortex is the foundation of cognitive function, and structural and functional abnormalities in the cerebral cortex caused by external factors may lead to cognitive impairment. Common environmental pollutants, such as heavy metals, pesticides, and microplastics, are neurotoxic and pose risks of cognitive and memory impairments. Among them, exposure to nanomaterials in the environment may lead to cognitive and memory impairments. For example, nanoplastics affect hippocampal neurogenesis, leading to impaired cognitive and memory function.2 Exposure to manganese nanoparticles can affect the basal ganglia and induce cognitive dysfunction, leading to…