Perennial woody crops—that is, those with a life cycle of at least three years, such as coffee, cocoa, grapevines, olive trees and oil palm—span about 183 million hectares across the planet, produce about a gigaton of food per year and are critical to diets and economies across the globe.
Right now, the intensified monocultural cultivation of these crops frequently contributes to environmental degradation and deforestation, leading to biodiversity loss and exacerbating…