Inflammatory Response and Anti-Inflammatory Treatment in Persistent In

Introduction

With the advancements in critical care medicine, an increasing number of critically ill patients are receiving adequate treatment in the ICU and surviving. Approximately 7.6% of these patients develop chronic critical illness (CCI),¹ which is defined as an ICU stay of at least 14 days with persistent organ dysfunction.² Despite receiving appropriate supportive treatment, about 30–50% of these patients continue to exhibit chronic low-grade inflammation, immunosuppression, and hypercatabolism.^3,4 In 2012, Gentile et al introduced the concept of Persistent Inflammation, Immunosuppression, and Catabolism Syndrome (PICS) to describe patients with chronic critical illness (CCI).⁵ Since its introduction, this syndrome has garnered widespread attention due to its complex pathophysiological mechanisms and…