Introduction
Diabetes is one of the most common chronic metabolic diseases. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), it is estimated that by 2030, the number of diabetes patients will reach 643 million, and by 2045, the number of people with diabetes worldwide could reach 783 million.1 Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients account for 90% of diabetes patients.2,3 The annual cost of diabetes treatment globally is high; nevertheless, millions of diabetes patients still die each year.1 Therefore, the efficient treatment of T2DM is extremely important for widespread patients.
The preservation and restoration of functional β-cells are crucial to the treatment of T2DM.4 Clinical diagnoses have demonstrated that most T2DM patients have a 70%~90% reduction…