Introduction
Chronic heart failure (CHF) refers to a syndrome caused by structural or functional abnormalities in the heart, leading to impaired ejection or filling functions, which in turn result in a series of hemodynamic and neurohumoral abnormalities.1 Heart failure (HF) has evolved into a global epidemic, with an estimated prevalence exceeding 37.7 million individuals worldwide. In the United States alone, approximately 6.2 million adults currently live with HF, and over 870,000 new cases are diagnosed annually.2 Developing nations are undergoing an epidemiological transition, with HF-related hospitalizations tripling in some regions over the past two decades.3 This surge imposes a staggering economic burden: projections indicate that HF-associated medical costs in the US will escalate from 30.7 billion in 2020…