B Cell Activation, Differentiation, and Their Potential Molecular Mech

Introduction

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative and progressive joint disease that affects approximately 500 million people globally.¹ Common risk factors for OA include advanced age, female gender, obesity, prior joint injuries, and chronic joint overuse, all of which contribute to disrupted load distribution.^2,3 Inflammation plays a distinct role in the development and progression of OA across these phenotypes. Specific genetic alterations in proteins involved in inflammatory processes or cartilage matrix components may increase susceptibility to OA.⁴ While OA is a widespread condition, current treatment options are primarily aimed at alleviating its symptoms—pain and mobility issues.⁵ Pain management and physical therapy are the cornerstone approaches for primary treatment, as current interventions cannot…