Early smoking and its impact on cardio-cerebrovascular diseases in patients with chronic kidney disease: a nationwide population-based study | BMC Public Health
In the present nationwide retrospective cohort study of patients with CKD, we investigated the associations between smoking initiation age, smoking intensity (pack-years), and the risks of CCVDs and all-cause mortality. The results indicated that both early smoking initiation and higher cumulative smoking exposure were independently associated with worse health outcomes in CKD patients. This study … Read more